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Inițializare și securizare automatizate a Raspbian pe Raspberry Pi

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Automatisation Ansible Raspberry Pi DevOPS
Inițializare și securizare automatizate a Raspbian pe Raspberry Pi

Acest articol propune scripturi pentru automatizarea :

  • instalarea Raspbian pe Raspberry Pi printr-un script bash scris de mine
  • o configurare și securizare minimă a Raspbian folosind Ansible cu un rol creat de mine.

Instalarea Raspbian

Înainte de a începe, ne plasăm într-un director de lucru, de exemplu ~/rpi
Apoi introducem microSD-ul (printr-un adaptor, de exemplu) în calculator și localizăm calea către microSD
Unelte precum dmesg sau lsblk ajută la această localizare

Fereastră de terminal
## Dans ces exemples la microSD a été détectée sur sdd ce qui donne comme chemin /dev/sdd
## via dmesg
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ sudo dmesg |tail
[94655.145112] scsi host8: usb-storage 1-1.2:1.0
[94656.175566] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Generic  USB  SD Reader   1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS
[94656.176298] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
[94656.177494] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] 62333952 512-byte logical blocks: (31.9 GB/29.7 GiB)
[94656.178010] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Write Protect is off
[94656.178014] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Mode Sense: 4b 00 00 08
[94656.178638] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] No Caching mode page found
[94656.178647] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through
[94656.182648]  sdd: sdd1 sdd2
[94656.185135] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI removable disk


## ou via lsblk
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ lsblk
NAME           MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
[...]
sdd              8:48   1  29,7G  0 disk
├─sdd1           8:49   1  43,9M  0 part
└─sdd2           8:50   1   1,7G  0 part

Apoi putem instala Raspbian pe microSD, de exemplu via install_raspbian.sh
În timpul acestei instalări, se va crea un punct de montare /mnt/sdd

#!/bin/bash


# Ici on configure le chemin de la microSD
# et le point de montage nécessaire à la bonne exécution du script
msd_fs="/dev/sdd"
mountpoint="/mnt/sdd"


[ -d ${mountpoint} ] || mkdir ${mountpoint}
[ -b ${msd_fs} ] || { echo  "${msd_fs} non disponible" ; exit 1 ;}


#raspbian_version="2018-06-27-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip"
raspbian_version=""
if [ -z ${raspbian_version} ]
then
  raspbian_version=$(curl -s https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite_latest | \
  grep "raspbian_lite"| perl -nle 'print $1 if /.*href=".*images\/.*\/([0-9].*)"/')
  if [ -e ${raspbian_version} ]
  then
    echo "La dernière image de Raspbian est déjà présente"
  else
    echo "Téléchargement de la dernière image de Raspbian"
    curl -s -L https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite_latest --output ${raspbian_version}
  fi
fi


echo -e "Déploiement de ${raspbian_version} to ${msd_fs}"
time unzip -p ${raspbian_version} | sudo dd of=${msd_fs} bs=4M conv=fsync && \
echo -e "Montage de ${msd_fs}1 to ${mountpoint}" && \
sudo mount ${msd_fs}1 ${mountpoint} && \
echo -e "Activation du SSH sur Rasbpian" && \
sudo touch ${mountpoint}/ssh && \
echo -e "Vérification de l'activation SSH" && \
sudo ls -l ${mountpoint}/ssh && \
echo -e "Démontage ${msd_fs}1" && \
sudo umount ${mountpoint}

Îi dăm drepturi de execuție apoi îl executăm cu drepturi de root

Fereastră de terminal
chmod 700 install_raspbian.sh
sudo ./install_raspbian.sh

Rezultatul:

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ sudo ./install_raspbian.sh
Téléchargement de la dernière image de Raspbian
Déploiement de 2018-11-13-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip to /dev/sdd
0+28463 enregistrements lus
0+28463 enregistrements écrits
1866465280 bytes (1,9 GB, 1,7 GiB) copied, 102,911 s, 18,1 MB/s


real    1m42,923s
user    0m14,203s
sys     0m2,851s
Montage de /dev/sdd1 to /mnt/sdd
Activation du SSH sur Rasbpian
Vérification de l'activation SSH
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 déc.   8 22:45 /mnt/sdd/ssh
Démontage /dev/sdd1

În acest stadiu, cardul microSD este pregătit; îl putem introduce direct în Raspberry Pi.

Configurarea și securizarea Raspbian

Odată ce cardul microSD este introdus și Raspberry Pi este accesibil prin SSH, facem:

  • preluăm rolul ansible de inițializare
  • pregătim playbook-ul ansible
  • rulăm scriptul Ansible

Preluarea rolului ansible ansible-rpi-init

Am dezvoltat un rol ansible pentru această automatizare, iată cum să îl preluați :

Fereastră de terminal
git clone git@gitlab.com:jls42/ansible-rpi-init.git roles/ansible-rpi-init

Rezultatul:

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ git clone https://gitlab.com/jls42/ansible-rpi-init.git roles/ansible-rpi-init
Clonage dans 'roles/ansible-rpi-init'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 17, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (17/17), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 17 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Dépaquetage des objets: 100% (17/17), fait.

Crearea fișierului de inventar numit inventory
În acest exemplu de inventar, Raspberry Pi are IP-ul 192.168.1.190

Fereastră de terminal
[rpi1]
192.168.1.190 servername=rpi1

Generarea unui hash pentru parola cu mkpasswd și păstrarea rezultatului pentru acțiunea următoare

Fereastră de terminal
## ici le mot de passe est 'osef'
jls42@boo:~$ mkpasswd --method=sha-512
Mot de passe :
$6$KRDQqQeZT$Bu439CILeJqHmwoxCwHXsgTJ5JEQjpZWfzCw6Deggfhip.DGScoCnUSBi.Hqnkh1OZUhTBaQees6GooW.PSLe.

Crearea unui playbook Ansible numit init_rpi.yml

Fereastră de terminal
---
- name: "Initialisation du Rapsberry Pi"
  hosts: rpi1
  remote_user: "pi"
  roles:
    - roles/ansible-rpi-init
  vars:
    rpi_password: "$6$KRDQqQeZT$Bu439CILeJqHmwoxCwHXsgTJ5JEQjpZWfzCw6Deggfhip.DGScoCnUSBi.Hqnkh1OZUhTBaQees6GooW.PSLe."

Generarea unei perechi de chei SSH dacă nu avem deja una

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~$ [ -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ] || ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:qHhedMjuI0LySVAp2mpFQMozuqBwI00FZo0oHX7rkYI jls42@boo
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|.=**.            |
|*+=o.            |
|+B+ .            |
|+++o + o         |
|Eo* + = S        |
|*=o= = .         |
|+=..+ o          |
|  +o.o.          |
|   .....         |
+----[SHA256]-----+

În acest stadiu, următoarele fișiere sunt prezente

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ tree
.
├── 2018-11-13-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip
├── init_rpi.yml
├── install_raspbian.sh
├── inventory
└── roles
    └── ansible-rpi-init
        ├── defaults
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── handlers
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── LICENSE
        ├── meta
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── README.md
        ├── tasks
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── tests
        │   ├── inventory
        │   └── test.yml
        └── vars
            └── main.yml


8 directories, 13 files

Rularea Ansible cu playbook-ul init_rpi.yml

Fereastră de terminal
## Le mot de passe par défaut est : "raspberry"
export ANSIBLE_HOST_KEY_CHECKING=False
ansible-playbook -k -b -i inventory init_rpi.yml

Rezultatul

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ ansible-playbook -k -b -i inventory init_rpi.yml
SSH password:


PLAY [Initialisation du Rapsberry Pi] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************


TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:46:18 +0100 (0:00:00.050)       0:00:00.050 *****
ok: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Mise à jour raspbian] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:46:22 +0100 (0:00:03.502)       0:00:03.553 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Configuration du nom] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:53 +0100 (0:01:31.114)       0:01:34.667 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Ajoute le nom du serveur dans le fichier /etc/hosts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:55 +0100 (0:00:01.944)       0:01:36.612 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Ajoute la clef publique] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:56 +0100 (0:00:01.031)       0:01:37.643 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Mise à jour du mot de passe de l'utilisateur pi] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:57 +0100 (0:00:01.183)       0:01:38.826 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Redémarrage] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:58 +0100 (0:00:01.249)       0:01:40.075 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]


TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Attente suite au redémarrage] *******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:48:00 +0100 (0:00:01.714)       0:01:41.790 *****
ok: [192.168.1.190]


PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.1.190              : ok=8    changed=6    unreachable=0    failed=0


Saturday 08 December 2018  23:49:00 +0100 (0:01:00.451)       0:02:42.241 *****
===============================================================================
roles/ansible-rpi-init ------------------------------------------------ 158.69s
setup ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.50s
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
total ----------------------------------------------------------------- 162.19s
Playbook run took 0 days, 0 hours, 2 minutes, 42 seconds

Și gata :

  • parola de acces pentru utilizatorul “pi” a fost schimbată
  • accesul este acum posibil fără parolă
  • Raspberry Pi are numele indicat în servername (prin fișierul de inventar)

Verificare

Ne conectăm la Raspberry Pi pentru a confirma accesul fără parolă și corectitudinea numelui

Fereastră de terminal
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ ssh pi@192.168.1.190
Linux rpi1 4.14.79-v7+ #1159 SMP Sun Nov 4 17:50:20 GMT 2018 armv7l


The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.


Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Sat Dec  8 22:47:59 2018 from 192.168.1.42
pi@rpi1:~ $

Bucurați-vă !

Acest document a fost tradus din versiunea fr în limba ro folosind modelul gpt-5-mini. Pentru mai multe informații despre procesul de traducere, consultați https://gitlab.com/jls42/ai-powered-markdown-translator